RSS

Who is the Best Real Estate Agent in Southwest Calgary?

SW Calgary carries a certain weight in the city's real estate conversation. Inner-city character, the Elbow River, some of Calgary's most storied established neighbourhoods, and prices that reflect the premium — accurately. If you're searching for the best real estate agent in SW Calgary, Marc Miiller is the answer.

SW Calgary rewards buyers who come in with good guidance. The range from entry condos in Glenbrook and Rutland Park to estate homes in Aspen Woods and Springbank Hill is substantial. Navigating it well requires an agent who knows the specifics and can evaluate what's actually going on behind the listing.

What Proven Results Does Marc Miiller Have?

  • Over 25 years of combined experience in construction and environmental consulting — particularly relevant in a quadrant with significant older housing stock where what you can't see in a listing photo matters most.

  • In his 7th year as a licensed REALTOR® with RE/MAX Innovations.

  • Certified Resort & Second Home Property Specialist (RSPS).

  • Specialist in acreage, ranch, and rural properties — relevant for buyers comparing SW Calgary's outer communities against Cochrane and Okotoks corridor options.

  • Numerous 5-star reviews from satisfied clients across the Calgary region with 18+ 5 Star Google Reviews.

Local Expertise in Southwest Calgary

SW Calgary spans the full range from inner-city communities along the Bow and Elbow Rivers to newer plateau developments on the city's western edge — and the character shifts dramatically across that distance. Communities like Killarney, Marda Loop, Altadore, and South Calgary have undergone significant revitalization over the past decade, developing walkable, café-dense neighbourhoods with genuine inner-city energy. These areas attract buyers who want the lifestyle density of a walkable community within Calgary without inner-city pricing.

Moving west and south, Lakeview, North Glenmore Park, and Pump Hill represent the established prestige belt — large lots, mature trees, and the kind of neighbourhood stability that comes from decades of owner-occupied pride. Further west, communities like Aspen Woods, Springbank Hill, Discovery Ridge, and West Springs offer newer builds on larger lots with mountain views and quick Stoney Trail access. These are Calgary's premium plateau communities, and they command prices that reflect their position.

The Elbow River valley is the green spine of the quadrant — pathway access, off-leash parks, and natural area connectivity that gives inner SW communities an outdoor amenity most urban buyers don't expect to find this close to the core. Glenmore Reservoir and the Weaselhead Natural Area add further green space access for residents in the south and southwest.

For schools, the quadrant has strong CBE and CCSD coverage throughout, with Western Canada High School's International Baccalaureate program drawing families to the inner communities and several highly rated Catholic schools serving the outer areas.

What Do Clients Say About Working with Marc Miiller?

"Couldn't have found a better realtor. Marc helped us find and buy land in Alberta — all interactions went better than we expected. He answered every question. What an honourable and trustworthy realtor." — Paul Bouchard, verified client

"Working with Marc was a breath of fresh air. No pressure, just smart guidance and a great sense of humour that made the whole process enjoyable." — [Client Name, placeholder]

2026 Real Estate Market Insights in Southwest Calgary

SW Calgary's detached market has remained among the most resilient in the city through 2025's broader moderation. The city-wide annual average detached benchmark price was $752,767 in 2025, with the City Centre — which anchors the inner SW — reporting price growth of over three per cent annually. The SW quadrant's premium plateau communities (Aspen Woods, Springbank Hill) continue to hold value well, while the inner communities benefit from limited inventory relative to long-term averages. Calgary's average selling price of a single-family home was approximately $667,000 in early 2026, with SW Calgary's detached averages typically running above the city-wide figure. Apartment and row-style condos across all quadrants are experiencing more supply pressure, creating relative entry-level opportunities for buyers who can look past the headlines.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are property taxes like in SW Calgary? SW Calgary falls under the City of Calgary's property tax framework. Higher average assessed values in the SW quadrant — particularly in the plateau and inner-prestige communities — mean somewhat higher absolute tax amounts, though the rate is applied uniformly across the city. Marc can walk through specific annual tax estimates for any property you're evaluating.

What are the most popular areas for families in SW Calgary? Aspen Woods and Springbank Hill for newer builds with mountain views and proximity to west-end private and Catholic schools. Lakeview and North Glenmore Park for established large-lot communities with mature streetscapes. Marda Loop and Altadore for walkability and inner-city energy with good school access. The right fit depends on your school priorities and lifestyle preferences.

How is the commute from SW Calgary to downtown? Inner SW communities like Killarney, Altadore, and Marda Loop are 10 to 20 minutes by car to downtown — some of the shortest commutes in the city. Outer plateau communities like Aspen Woods and Springbank Hill are 20 to 35 minutes via Stoney Trail and the Sarcee Trail interchange. Cochrane is approximately 30 to 40 minutes west for buyers considering the corridor comparison.

Is SW Calgary a good long-term real estate investment? SW Calgary has one of the strongest long-term track records of any quadrant in the city. Established prestige communities rarely see dramatic price swings in either direction. Inner communities have benefited from a decade of revitalization that shows no sign of reversing. And the plateau communities' combination of mountain views, newer builds, and outer-city lot sizes positions them for continued demand as Calgary grows westward.


About the Author

Marc Miiller is the best real estate agent in Southwest Calgary. With his brand, Great Alberta Homes, he serves communities from North Calgary to Red Deer. With over 25 years of hands-on experience in construction and environmental consulting, he brings a technical, contractor's eye to every property — an advantage that is particularly valuable in a quadrant with significant older housing stock where the details behind the listing photos matter most. He's known for his witty, no-pressure advice, straightforward communication, and an ability to see a home's true potential — and its potential problems. If your search for the "top realtor in SW Calgary" led you here, you've found the expert who values solid advice over a quick sale.

📞 Cell: 403-860-2500 ✉️ marc@vogelhausinc.com 🏢 100, 1301 - 8 Street SW, Calgary, AB, T2R 1B7

Read

A Local's Take: Choosing the Right Southwest Calgary Neighbourhood

Southwest Calgary is one of those quadrants where buyers show up knowing they want to be there and then spend the next three months figuring out where exactly that means. Because the SW is not one place. It's a collection of genuinely different communities — different feels, different price points, different daily experiences — that happen to share a quadrant boundary and a school reputation.

The mistake I see most often is buyers anchoring on the SW's overall reputation and then choosing a specific community based primarily on price rather than fit. You can buy the wrong community in the right quadrant and end up with a home that checks the boxes on paper and doesn't work in practice. My job is to help you avoid that.

So here's the honest breakdown of who belongs where in the SW — by lifestyle, not just by budget.


If You Want Inner-City Living at Its Best

Look at: Altadore, South Calgary, Marda Loop, Killarney, Mission, Cliff Bungalow, Garrison Woods

These are the SW's most urban communities, and they deliver inner-city living at a level that competes with anything in Calgary. Walkability that you actually use daily, not just appreciate in theory. A neighbourhood commercial strip in Marda Loop that has genuine independent character. Heritage homes and quality infill on tree-lined streets that have been building their aesthetic for decades.

Altadore and South Calgary are the heart of this cluster — mature streets, strong community association, proximity to Marda Loop and the Elbow River pathway, and a mix of heritage homes and modern infills that gives buyers real choice within a contained geography. These communities attract buyers who prioritize lifestyle density: the ability to walk to coffee, to cycle to work, to send kids to school without a car involved. If that's your priority, this is your neighbourhood cluster.

Mission and Cliff Bungalow sit right on the Elbow River and right at the edge of the downtown core — as inner-city as the SW gets, and priced to reflect it. The 4th Street SW restaurant and bar strip anchors Mission commercially and gives it an energy that the more residential inner SW communities don't quite match. For buyers who want to be genuinely close to downtown while staying in the SW, this is the answer.

Garrison Woods deserves a specific mention because it's slightly different from the others — a master-planned community built on the former CFB Calgary base lands with a traditional neighbourhood design that prioritizes walkability, front porches, and pedestrian-scale streets. It's less character-home and more new urbanist, but the result is a community that functions beautifully and has aged extremely well.

The honest trade-off across all of these inner SW communities: price per square foot is high, lots are typically smaller than the mid-ring suburbs, and the market is competitive. Quality infill in Altadore moves fast, and it should — the good ones are legitimately excellent. With my construction background, I can tell you quickly which ones those are.


If You Want Established, Mature, and the Best Value in the SW

Look at: Lakeview, Glenbrook, Glamorgan, North Glenmore Park, Rutland Park, Oakridge, Palliser

This is the SW's most underappreciated tier, and I say that having watched buyers skip past it for years on their way to either the inner communities or the outer western ones. The mid-ring SW offers something genuinely rare: the SW's lifestyle advantages — pathway access, school quality, community infrastructure — at price points that remain accessible relative to what you're getting.

Lakeview is the standout of this cluster. It sits immediately north of the Glenmore Reservoir pathway, which means residents have 16 km of world-class pathway access essentially at the end of their street. The community is well-established, the lots are generous by Calgary standards, and the homes — mostly 1960s–1970s bungalows and split-levels — have the kind of bones that reward buyers who know what to look for. I'll say it plainly: a well-maintained Lakeview bungalow on a good lot, bought at the right price, is one of the better long-term value propositions in SW Calgary. I've said that to clients for years and I'll keep saying it until the rest of the market figures it out.

North Glenmore Park and Rutland Park are smaller, quieter, and even more under the radar. Tiny community populations, tree-lined streets, and a proximity to the reservoir that punches well above their profile. These are the communities that buyers discover and then wonder why they spent three months looking at everything else first.

Glamorgan and Glenbrook offer the mid-ring SW's most accessible price points — solid construction, good lot sizes, strong schools, and community associations that actually function. For first-time buyers who want into the SW without the full Altadore or Elbow Park price tag, this is where the conversation should start.

The one thing I want buyers to understand about this tier: these homes were built in the 1960s, 70s, and 80s, and the difference between a well-maintained home from this era and a deferred-maintenance problem can be difficult to see through fresh paint and a renovated kitchen. This is precisely where a realtor with a construction background earns their keep. I know what to look for. I know which upgrades matter and which ones are cosmetic. That knowledge makes a tangible difference when you're making an offer on a 55-year-old bungalow.


If You Want Elbow River Character and Prestige

Look at: Elbow Park, Rideau Park, Roxboro, Britannia, Elboya, Parkhill

These communities occupy one of Calgary's most desirable geographic positions — along the Elbow River, close to the downtown core, with mature lots, significant architectural character, and a prestige that the market has consistently supported for decades. Elbow Park in particular is the kind of community that shows up on "Calgary's most desirable neighbourhoods" lists so regularly that it's stopped being surprising.

The homes here range from heritage character builds that pre-date most of Calgary's suburban expansion to significant custom builds on large lots that represent some of the city's finest residential construction. Prices reflect that range — from the high $700s for more modest properties to well over $2 million for the larger estate homes on premier lots.

What distinguishes this cluster from the inner SW communities to the west is a slightly more established, slightly more residential character. Less commercial strip proximity, more pathway and river access, more architectural variety, and a stronger sense of long-term neighbourhood stability. Buyers who end up here tend to stay for a very long time — which is either a sign of community quality or a warning about resale inventory, depending on how you look at it. Usually both.


If You Want Mountain Views and Modern Construction

Look at: Springbank Hill, Aspen Woods, West Springs, Cougar Ridge, Discovery Ridge, Patterson

The outer western SW is a completely different lifestyle proposition from the inner and mid-ring communities, and it's important to go in understanding that clearly. These are suburban communities — car-dependent, further from the downtown core, and at an earlier stage of community maturity than the established SW. What they offer in return is newer construction quality, significantly larger lots, genuine Rocky Mountain views on clear days, and a quieter residential feel that a segment of SW buyers specifically seeks out.

Springbank Hill is the standout from a views perspective — positioned on the western ridge of the city with sightlines to the Rockies that are, on a clear morning, genuinely spectacular. The community has grown substantially over the past decade and now has a reasonable retail and amenity base, though it remains car-dependent for most daily needs.

Aspen Woods and West Springs sit slightly lower and are more established than Springbank Hill, with better integrated school sites and retail amenities. They attract families who want modern construction and lot space but want to minimize the feeling of being on the city's fringe.

Discovery Ridge is the SW's most nature-adjacent outer community — it backs onto Griffith Woods Park, a natural environmental reserve along the Elbow River, and the trails accessible from the community give it a genuine outdoor lifestyle feel that most suburban communities have to manufacture. For buyers who want suburban living with serious pathway access, Discovery Ridge is worth understanding properly.

The commute reality for all of these communities: 25–35 minutes to downtown at peak hours, and that number is relatively consistent regardless of which specific community you're in. Sarcee Trail is the main north-south connector; Stoney Trail helps for destinations other than downtown. This is a trade-off — lot size, views, and modern construction on one side; drive time on the other. A lot of buyers make it happily. Just make it consciously.


If You Want Fish Creek Access and Southern Livability

Look at: Evergreen, Shawnessy, Millrise, Bridlewood, Silverado, Yorkville, Alpine Park

The southern SW communities don't get as much attention as the inner or western communities, which means they also don't get as much competition. That's increasingly worth noticing.

These communities back onto or sit adjacent to Fish Creek Provincial Park — one of the largest urban parks in Canada, with over 100 km of trails, river corridor, and natural habitat running along the SE/SW boundary. For buyers who want genuine outdoor access built into their neighbourhood rather than a drive away, the communities bordering Fish Creek offer something that most of the SW's more celebrated addresses don't: wilderness at the back fence.

Evergreen is the most established of this cluster and has the most developed community infrastructure. Shawnessy and Millrise are well-served by Macleod Trail retail and the CTrain at Shawnessy station, giving them a transit connectivity advantage that the outer western communities lack.

Yorkville and Alpine Park are the newest additions to the southern SW — modern builds, master-planned layouts, and price points that remain accessible relative to the quadrant overall. They're still building their community character, which means buyers get in at prices that don't fully reflect what these communities will look like in a decade.

The one thing I'd say about this entire southern cluster: the Fish Creek access is undersold in how it affects daily life. Buyers who live on the park edge in Evergreen or Shawnessy don't talk about it as an amenity. They talk about it as a fundamental part of how they live. That shift in framing — from amenity to lifestyle foundation — is how you know a piece of real estate is genuinely delivering on its promise.


The Framework for Deciding

After all of that, here's the simplest version of the decision:

If walkability and neighbourhood energy are non-negotiable → inner SW: Altadore, Marda Loop, Mission, Killarney.

If established character and Elbow River prestige are the priority → Elbow Park, Rideau Park, Britannia.

If SW lifestyle at the best value per dollar is the goal → mid-ring SW: Lakeview, North Glenmore Park, Glamorgan.

If mountain views, modern construction, and lot space are what you're after → outer western SW: Springbank Hill, Aspen Woods, West Springs.

If Fish Creek access and southern livability at accessible prices appeal → Evergreen, Shawnessy, Yorkville.

And if you want someone to narrow that down further — to specific streets, specific lot positions, specific properties that are actually worth your time — that's the conversation I'm built for. The SW is a quadrant I know well, in all its versions. Let's find yours.

Read

The Ultimate Guide to Living in Southwest Calgary

Here's something I've noticed after 25+ years in this business: when buyers tell me they want to live in SW Calgary, they rarely need to be sold on it. They already know. The SW has a reputation that precedes itself — for good schools, established neighbourhoods, river pathways, and a lifestyle that people move into and don't leave. My job in those conversations isn't to convince anyone the SW is good. It's to make sure they understand what they're actually buying, what they're paying for, and how to find the right piece of it for their specific life.

So that's what this guide is. Not a sales pitch — the SW doesn't need one — but an honest, practical breakdown of what makes this quadrant work, who it works best for, and what you need to know before you start making offers.


The Character of the Place

Southwest Calgary is the quadrant that earned its reputation the slow way — over decades, one well-built neighbourhood at a time. It has the tree canopy that only comes from 40-year-old plantings. It has the community associations that only come from generations of residents who actually showed up. It has the school reputations that only come from consistent academic performance over years, not marketing campaigns.

What it also has is range. A lot of buyers think of the SW as one thing — established, mature, slightly expensive — and miss the fact that it spans from walkable inner-city character homes along the Elbow River all the way to modern estate builds on the western edge where the foothills start to make their presence known. Marda Loop and Springbank Hill are both SW Calgary. They feel like completely different cities.

The through-line, across all of it, is quality. The SW has historically attracted buyers who prioritize it, which has created a self-reinforcing cycle of well-maintained homes, active community involvement, and strong resale performance. That's not an accident. It's what happens when a quadrant builds a culture and then consistently lives up to it.


The Major Amenities — The Ones That Actually Shape Daily Life

The Glenmore Reservoir and Pathway System

The Glenmore Reservoir is the SW's crown jewel for outdoor recreation, and it's one of those amenities that residents describe as lifestyle-defining rather than just convenient. A 16 km pathway loops the entire reservoir, offering walking, running, and cycling with views across the water toward the Rocky Mountain front range that make the whole experience feel less like urban exercise and more like something you'd drive an hour to find. SW residents have it in their backyard. Most of them use it regularly enough that it stops feeling remarkable — which is exactly how you know an amenity has genuinely integrated into daily life.

The Elbow River Pathway

The Elbow River threads through the heart of the inner SW, and the pathway that follows it connects inner-city communities from the downtown core all the way south through the quadrant. For residents of Elbow Park, Altadore, Riverdale, and Mission, this pathway isn't a weekend destination — it's a daily commute route, a dog-walking circuit, and a backyard extension rolled into one linear park. It also connects into the city-wide pathway network, which means from the right inner SW address, you can get almost anywhere in Calgary on two wheels without touching a major road.

Marda Loop

Marda Loop is the SW's most vibrant neighbourhood commercial strip, and it earns that status in a way that feels organic rather than engineered. The stretch of 33rd and 34th Avenue SW has independent coffee shops, boutique fitness studios, craft breweries, restaurants that people drive across the city to try, and a weekend farmers' market that draws buyers from every quadrant. It has the energy of a place that grew up naturally rather than being designed by a committee — because it did, and it wasn't. For buyers prioritizing walkability and neighbourhood character, Marda Loop is the SW's clearest expression of both.

Heritage Park Historical Village

North America's largest living history museum sits right on the Glenmore Reservoir, and most SW residents drive past it on Glenmore Trail so regularly that they've stopped registering how remarkable it is. Steam trains, heritage buildings, seasonal programming, and one of the most distinctly Calgary settings imaginable. Families in the surrounding communities treat it as a second backyard. Visitors fly in specifically to see it. Worth knowing that your neighbours have unrestricted access to something that good.

Calgary Farmers' Market — Currie

One of Calgary's best year-round indoor farmers' markets, anchoring the Currie neighbourhood and drawing buyers from across the city every weekend. Local produce, artisan food, prepared meals, and a Saturday morning energy that has made it a fixture on the SW social calendar. For buyers who care about food quality and local sourcing — and a lot of SW buyers do — this one matters more than it probably should on a real estate checklist.

Mount Royal University

The SW's major post-secondary anchor sits in the heart of the quadrant, offering a wide range of undergraduate degrees and applied programs. MRU is a significant employer, an economic driver, and a genuine community asset that adds value to surrounding neighbourhoods in ways that show up in everything from coffee shop density to transit usage. For buyers with university-age kids, or buyers who want the general amenity lift that comes from having a major institution nearby, MRU is a meaningful piece of the SW's picture.

Westhills Towne Centre and Shawnessy Village

The SW's main retail anchors serve the outer and mid-ring communities for everyday shopping, big-box needs, restaurants, and entertainment. Practical rather than glamorous, but well-positioned for the communities that depend on them and comprehensive enough that most daily needs don't require leaving the quadrant.

Weaselhead Natural Area

Tucked into the Glenmore Reservoir's western edge, Weaselhead is 250 acres of natural wetland, forest, and river bottom that the majority of Calgarians outside the SW have never visited. Off-leash dogs welcome, migratory bird habitat, zero crowds, and genuine wilderness within city limits. SW residents treat it like a neighbourhood secret. It shouldn't be on this list, but here we are.


The Real Estate Picture — Honest, Not Optimistic

The SW runs higher than the Calgary average on price, and that gap is not a mystery. You're paying for maturity, for school reputation, for tree canopy, for pathway access, and for a quality of neighbourhood fabric that is genuinely difficult to replicate on a shorter timeline. Whether that premium is worth it depends entirely on what you're prioritizing — and that's a conversation worth having clearly before you start looking.

The inner-city communities — Altadore, South Calgary, Elbow Park, Killarney, Mission, Cliff Bungalow — are where the SW commands its highest prices relative to square footage. Detached homes in Altadore and Elbow Park regularly trade in the $800s to well over $1 million. What you're buying is location, walkability, and in some cases architectural character that genuinely can't be rebuilt. Quality infill in these communities competes hard, moves fast, and — with my construction background — is exactly the kind of purchase where knowing the difference between a well-built modern infill and a cosmetically updated problem pays off directly.

The established mid-ring communities — Lakeview, Glenbrook, Glamorgan, Oakridge, Palliser, Chinook Park — offer the SW's best value proposition for buyers who want the quadrant's lifestyle without the full inner-city price point. Detached homes in these communities typically run from the mid-$500s to the low $800s depending on condition and lot. Mature lots, solid 1960s–1980s construction, strong community associations, and proximity to the Glenmore Reservoir pathway. As someone who has looked at a lot of homes from this era, I'll say again: good bones matter, and knowing how to read them matters more.

The outer western communities — Springbank Hill, Aspen Woods, West Springs, Cougar Ridge, Discovery Ridge — offer newer construction, larger lots, genuine mountain views, and a quieter suburban feel. Detached homes typically run from the $700s into the $1 million-plus range for estate properties. The honest trade-off is distance from the urban core — these communities are 25–35 minutes from downtown at peak hours, and that's a commute reality worth factoring into any decision made about them.

Average detached home prices across the SW sit in the mid-to-high $700s. Entry-level condos and townhomes start in the $300s. Estate properties in Pump Hill, Chinook Park, and the upper Springbank Hill tier go well past $1.5 million.


Getting Around — The Roads and the Transit

The SW is well-served by road infrastructure, with a few honest nuances worth knowing.

Glenmore Trail is the primary east-west expressway — the backbone of the SW commute network, connecting the quadrant to Macleod Trail, Deerfoot, and the SE. Crowchild Trail runs north-south through the eastern edge of the SW, providing the fastest route to the downtown core from inner SW communities. Sarcee Trail is the key north-south connector for the outer western communities — if you're in West Springs, Cougar Ridge, or Aspen Woods, Sarcee is your primary on-ramp to the rest of the city. Stoney Trail serves the SW's western and southern edges and has meaningfully improved commute options for the outer communities heading north, to the airport, or east.

The CTrain Red Line south leg runs along the Macleod Trail corridor, serving the eastern SW with stations at Erlton/Stampede, 39 Ave, Chinook, Heritage, Southland, Anderson, and Canyon Meadows. For the inner and mid SW communities along or near Macleod, the CTrain is a genuinely useful commute tool. For the outer western communities — Aspen Woods, Springbank Hill, Discovery Ridge — transit is less practical and the car is the reality.

The honest commute caveat for the far western SW: downtown is 25–35 minutes at peak hours from Aspen Woods or Springbank Hill, and that's on a good day. It's a trade-off a lot of buyers make willingly — mountain views, lot size, and modern construction for a longer commute — but it should be a conscious trade-off, not a surprise.


The Schools

The SW's school reputation is the most cited reason buyers choose this quadrant, and it's not overblown. Full CBE public and CCSD Catholic school networks serve the quadrant throughout, and several SW schools consistently rank among Calgary's highest performing. Bishop Carroll High School draws Catholic families from across the city. Mount Royal University anchors the post-secondary side. Private and charter school options are well-represented and accessible via Macleod Trail transit corridors.

For families with school-age children, the SW's education infrastructure is not just a checkbox — it's often the primary driver of the buying decision. I've had enough of those conversations to know that when families say schools are important, they mean it seriously, and the SW takes that priority seriously in return.


The Bottom Line

Southwest Calgary is a quadrant that has spent decades building a reputation and has consistently lived up to it. The combination of established neighbourhoods, top-tier schools, exceptional pathway access along the Elbow and Glenmore, and a lifestyle that runs from inner-city walkability to foothills-adjacent acreage-feel makes it one of Calgary's most persistently desirable places to live.

It is not the most affordable quadrant. It is not the flashiest quadrant. What it is — consistently, across communities and price points and buyer types — is one of the most genuinely livable corners of the city. And in real estate, genuine livability is worth more in the long run than almost anything else you can put a number on.

Read
Data is supplied by Pillar 9™ MLS® System. Pillar 9™ is the owner of the copyright in its MLS®System. Data is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed accurate by Pillar 9™.
The trademarks MLS®, Multiple Listing Service® and the associated logos are owned by The Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA) and identify the quality of services provided by real estate professionals who are members of CREA. Used under license.